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ii -
Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT
Copyright © 2009 by Bruce Stirling
All rights reserved.
Duplication, distribution or database storage of any part of this work by any means is
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®
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OPDUL=C
®
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ISBN-10: 1-889057-58-4
ISBN-13: 978-1-889057-58-3
Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT
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TOEFL
®
is a registered trademark of Educational Testing Services (ETS
®
), Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
The material in this text, including argument maps, speaking and writing prompts, speaking and writing
strategies, speaking and writing sample responses, and the proficiency checklists and rating guides, were
created and designed exclusively by the author, Bruce Stirling. This publication is not endorsed or
approved by ETS.
Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT
- iii
Contents
DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT
………………………..……………………….…..
1
Arguments and the TOEFL iBT…………………………………………..………………1
What is an Argument?…………………………………………………………………….. 1
Personal-Opinion Argument
:
Deduction
.……………………………………………… 2
Rhetorical Strategies ………………………………………………………………………. 4
Personal-Opinion Argument
:
Induction
……………………………..………………… 7
Developing Your Opinion ………………………………….……………………………… 8
Fact-Based Argument
:
Deduction
………………………………………………………11
Fact-Based Argument
:
Induction
.………………………………………………………13
Coherence = A High Score ………………….………………………………………….. 14
Argument Mapping………………………..……………………………………………… 14
G+3TiC=C
…..…………………………………………………………………………….... 15
TASK ORDER
……………………………………………………………………………… 19
WRITING TASKS
INDEPENDENT ESSAY
.………………………………………………………….…
21
G+3TiC=C
…………….…………………………………………………………………..… 21
Basic Independent Essay
……………………………………………………………… 22
Agree-Disagree Prompts …….………………………………………………………….. 22
OPDUL=C
…………….……………………………………………………………………. 26
Preference Prompts…….………………………………………………………………… 37
Compare-Contrast Prompts….………………………………………………………… 40
Advantage-Disadvantage Prompts…….……………………………………………… 49
Advantage Prompts….…………………………………………………………………… 52
Disadvantage Prompts..…………………………………………………………………. 54
Reason Prompts ………………………………………………………………………….. 55
Quality Prompts.….………………………………………………………………………. 63
Writing Practice.………………………………………………………………………….. 66
Advanced Introduction Strategies .…………………………………………………… 67
iv -
Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT
T
T
Simple Hooks .…………………………………………………………………………….. 67
Complex Hooks ..…………………………………………………………………………. 68
Advanced Thesis Strategies..…………………………………………………………… 72
Predictor Thesis…………………………………………………………………………… 72
Writing a Predictor Thesis ……………………………………………………………… 73
Predictor Thesis:
Parallelism
.………………………………………………………….. 74
Gerund Predictor Thesis………………………………………………………………... 75
Predictor Thesis:
Using Synonyms
……………………………………………………. 76
1.
Predictor Thesis
:
When to Write
…………………………………….……………… 77
2.
Predictor Thesis
:
When to Write
……………………………………….…………… 79
Advanced Conclusion Strategies ……………………………………………………… 82
Advanced Independent Essays
………………………….…………………………..
87
Emergency Independent
Essay
……………………………………………………… 95
Contrarian Independent Essay
……………………………………………………… 97
Writing Practice…………………………………………………………………………… 99
What Have You Learned? ……………………………………………………………… 100
INTEGRATED ESSAY
………………………………………………………………
101
Argument-Counter Argument Essay
……………………………………………… 102
OPDUL=C
…………………………………………………………………………………. 102
ETS’s Testing Method…………………………………………………………………...103
1.
Argument-Counter Argument Essay
:
Step-by-Step
………………………….. 105
The Black-and-White Rule.…………………………………………………………….113
Organization
:
Point-by-Point Style
.………………………………………………….. 117
Organization
:
Block Style
……………………………………………………………… 119
Paraphrasing……………………………………………………………………………...121
2.
Argument-Counter Argument Essay
:
Step-by-Step
………………………….. 125
Three Common Problems……………………………………………………………… 131
Writing Practice.........................…………………………………………………….. 136
Show-Support Essay
.…………………………………………………………………..141
Show Support Essay:
Step-by-Step
.………………………………………………….144
Writing Practice.…………………………………………………………………………. 150
Emergency Integrated Essay
……………….……………………………………….152
What Have You Learned? ……………………………………………………………… 157
Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT
- v
SPEAKING TASKS
SPEAKING TASK ONE
…………………………………….……………………….
159
Independent Task:
Single-Question Prompt
……………………………………….. 159
OPDUL=C
…………………………………………………………………………………. 161
Delivery ….………………………………………………………………………………… 161
Speaking Subjectively………………………………………………………………….. 162
Basic Response
…………………………………………………………………………. 162
1.
Basic Response
:
Step-by-Step
…………………………………………………….. 162
Rating Yourself…………………………………………………………………………… 166
Rating in a Class………………………………………………………………………… 167
How Long Should My Response Be?………………………………………………… 167
2.
Basic Response
:
Step-by-Step
.……………………………………………………. 168
3.
Basic Response
:
Step-by-Step
…………………………………………………….. 172
Four Common Problems ………………………………………………………………. 174
Help!
-
My Response is Too Long!
……………………………………………………. 177
Help!
-
My Response is Too Short!
….…..…………………………………………… 178
Advanced Strategies ……………………………………………………………………. 180
Advanced Introduction Strategies …………………………………………………… 182
Predictor Thesis…….…………………………………………………………………….184
The Rhetorical Why….…………………………………………………………………..187
Advanced Conclusion Strategies…………………………………………………….. 188
Advanced Responses
……………………………………………… …………………. 192
Emergency Response
…………………………………………………………………. 197
Contrarian Response
……………………………………………………………….… 198
Speaking Practice……………………………………………………………………….. 199
What Have You Learned? ……………………………………………………………… 200
SPEAKING TASK TWO
.…………………….……………………………………..
201
Independent Task:
Paired-Choice Prompt
….………………………………………. 201
1.
Agree-Disagree Prompt
:
Step-by-Step
…………………………………………….202
2.
Agree-Disagree Prompt
:
Step-by-Step
…………………………………………… 205
Support-Don’t Support Prompt:
Step-by-Step
……………………………………. 207
Preference Prompt:
Step-by-Step
……….……………………………………………. 209
Argument-Counter Argument
:
Step-by-Step
…………………………………….… 210
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