Tetley M.C.

[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
//-->The Reconstructed Chronologyof the Egyptian KingsM. Christine TetleyVolume OneThe Ebers Calendar is probably the most valuable chronological toolfrom Egypt that we are ever likely to possess. M. Christine TetleyISBN 978-0-473-29338-3www.egyptchronology.commThe Reconstructed Chronology of the Egyptian Kings – Volume OneAuthor:M. Christine TetleyPublisher: Barry W. TetleyAddress: 14 Workman Way, Onerahi, Whangarei, New Zealand 0110Publication Date: July 2014ISBN: 978-0-473-29338-3ALL RIGHTS RESERVED© B.W. Tetley, 2014editor@egyptchronology.comContentsiContentsAuthor’s PrefaceEditor’s NoteTablesFiguresGeneral AbbreviationsBibliographic AbbreviationsSynopsisCh. 1. Introduction to Problems with the Historical Chronology of Ancient EgyptCh. 2. Fixing the Chronology for Israel, Judah, and EgyptCh. 3. Investigating Ancient Egyptian CalendarsCh. 4. Reviewing Gardiner's and Parker's CalendarsCh. 5. Dating by Lunar Months and PhasesCh. 6. Pondering Egyptian Calendar DepictionsCh. 7. Revisiting Gardiner and ParkerCh. 8. Recovering a Calendar with Wep Renpet as the First MonthCh. 9. Exploring the Ebers CalendarCh. 10. Resolving the Eponymous Month ConflictCh. 11. Studying Sesostris III and Illahun - Sesostris III's Seventh YearCh. 12. Studying Sesostris III and Illahun - Feast DatesCh. 13. Studying Sesostris III and Illahun - the W3gy FeastCh. 14. Securing Neferefre's W3gy Feast Dateiiivviixviixixxxixxv11939557585103119135153171179191199Volume TwoCh. 15. Working with Egyptian King ListsCh. 16. Recasting the 5th and 6th DynastiesCh. 17. Clarifying the 8th DynastyCh. 18. Regarding the Royal AnnalsCh. 19. Reconstructing the Royal Annals - Menes to NeferkareCh. 20. Reconstructing the Royal Annals - Neferkasokar to MenkaureCh. 21. Reconstructing the Royal Annals - Menkaure to ShepseskareCh. 22. Surveying the 9th-11th DynastiesCh. 23. Establishing the 12th DynastyCh. 24. Reading Hekanakhte's LettersCh. 25. Reporting on the 13th-17th DynastiesCh. 26. Reinstating the 18th Dynasty – IntroductionCh. 27. Reinstating the 18th Dynasty - Ahmose to HatshepsutCh. 28. Reinstating the 18th Dynasty - Thutmose III to Amenhotep IICh. 29. Reinstating the 18th Dynasty - Thutmose IV to TutankhamunCh. 30. Reinstating the 18th Dynasty - Tutankhamun to HoremhebCh. 31. Redating the 19th DynastyCh. 32. Correlating Egypt and Israel, Manetho and MosesCh. 33. Positioning the 20th Dynasty205227247255267283309327335347353359367383395413421439451The Reconstructed Chronology of the Egyptian Kings, M. Christine TetleyiiCh. 34. Revising the 21st Dynasty Once MoreCh. 35. Looking at Other Reconstructions of the 22nd to 25th DynastiesCh. 36. Framing the 22nd DynastyCh. 37. Finishing the 22nd DynastyCh. 38. Restoring the 23rd DynastyCh. 39. Finalizing the 24th and 25th Dynasties465483511545563583Author’s PrefaceiiiAuthor’s PrefaceA military confrontation in the Middle East occurred about 3000 years ago in the5th year of Judah’s King Rehoboam and the 20th year of Egypt’s King Shoshenq I.Though the campaign was recorded in the annals of both nations, agreement on theactual year—which could anchor the chronologies of each—has not been established,despite much effort over the last century.Edwin Thiele, a Seventh Day Adventist teacher, authored The MysteriousNumbers of the Hebrew Kings, which—in the absence of a credible alternative—for thelast 50 years has been a standard reference for dating reigns in the 1st and 2nd Books ofKings in the Old Testament. But Thiele based his theories only on the Hebrew MasoreticText which only goes back to about 1000 CE. He dismissed the variant numbersrecorded in the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Text, as it stood about1200 years earlier, around 200 BCE. The Septuagint was widely accepted at the time ofJesus Christ, was quoted in the New Testament, and was used to spread Christianitythrough the early centuries of the Common Era (CE).Thiele explained the “mysterious” numbers by invoking separate calendars forJudah and Israel, and many co-regencies; which find no mention in the records. Hesupported his theory by a continuous list of Assyrian Kings which remains unproven.My Reconstructed Chronology of the Divided Kingdom published in 2005considered all the biblical texts, and established that Rehoboam’s 5th year was 977 BCE,52 years earlier than Thiele’s proposed date. But the date for Judah was only half of theequation in the Rehoboam and Shoshenq I engagement. How did it fit with Egyptianchronology?During the last century the tempo and temperature in meetings and writingsbetween Egyptologists, scientists, and archaeologists has risen dramatically—all intenton establishing the dates for Egyptian events. They have dealt with Ramesses II, theEruption of Thera on Santorini, which produced pumice used in some Egyptianmonuments, and many other themes. Inscriptions and evidence continues to emerge fromthe sands of Egypt.The Reconstructed Chronology of the Divided Kingdom established the Egyptianchronology in part, confirming that Shoshenq I’s 20th year was 977 BCE. Now I presentthe full chronology for the Egyptian Dynasties 1-25 anchored by the heliacal risings ofSirius (Sothis) and lunar phases, which modern reconstructions can identify precisely. Anew understanding of Egyptian calendars is a critical feature of the reconstruction.With the completion of this reconstructed chronology of the Egyptian kings, thedate of Rehoboam’s encounter with Shoshenq I is established by independentchronologies of Israel/Judah (in The Reconstructed Chronology of the DividedKingdom), and of Egypt (herein). The date of 977 BCE in the total dynastic frameworkof Egyptian chronology finally makes sense of all the evidence from inscriptions,archaeological effort, and scientific research.I wish to acknowledge the invaluable contribution of Dr. Lee W. Casperson inaccomplishing this project. In two JNES articles in the 1980s he employed astronomicaldata to evaluate proposed dates for Thutmose III and Ramesses II—“The Lunar Dates of [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]