Teresa Trypuć - English football ...

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Wyższa Szkoła Języków Obcych
im. Samuela Bogumiła Lindego
Katedra Języka Angielskiego
Teresa Trypuć
English football hooliganism and the
media
Praca licencjacka
napisana pod kierunkiem
dr Agaty Maćków
Poznań 2009
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Student filologii angielskiej Wyższej Szkoły Języków Obcych im. Samuela Bogumiła
Lindego oświadczam, iż przedkładana praca dyplomowa
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Table of Contents
Introduction
4
Chapter One
The nature of football hooliganism
5
1.1. "English Disease"
6
1.2. Forms and causes
6
1.3. Short historical review
7
1.4. How are the hooligans?
8
1.5. Sociological phenomenon
9
1.5.1. Taylor's approach
9
1.5.2. The ethogenic approach
10
1.5.3. The Leicester School
11
1.5.4. Compensation approaches
11
Chapter Two
Represantation of the problem in films
13
2.1. Stories in the films
13
2.2. Football films without football
14
2.3. Violence in the past and now
16
2.4. Daily life
16
2.5. Appearance of the thugs
17
2.6. Hierarchy within a group
17
2.7. Controversy over the films
17
Chapter Three
The media's interest
20
Conclusion
25
3
References
26
Introduction
Many people all over the world consider football to be a beautiful game. Thousands of
devoted fans gather on different occasions on the football terraces to view this exciting
sport and experience its beauty. Nevertheless, there is another crucial aspect of the game,
which should be considered. Hooliganism is the darker side of football. The majority of
people around the world think that hooliganism is an inherent element of this sport. It is a
wide-spread problem, which has been present in many countries not only in Europe for the
years. Behaviour of the hooligan groups particularly affect the terraces of Eastern Europe,
Germany, Italy or Belgium, but it is also very noticeable in the countries of South America
or sub-Saharan Africa. However, it is said that the scale of the problem is considerably
larger in England than in any other country in the world. Calling the problem the 'English
Disease' may be a significant reflection of the situation in the country from which football
comes.
This bachelor thesis tries to briefly present the problem of football hooliganism in
England. The first chapter discusses the nature of the problem. It forms the basic definition
of football hooligan behaviour, description of the member of a hooligan group and presents
socio-historical background of the problem in England. The second chapter analyses and
compares different images of the hooligans in the English society in three films
The Firm
(1988) directed by Alan Clarke,
The Football Factory
(2004) directed by Nick Love and
Green Street
(2005) directed by Lexi Alexander. Films have been chosen so that they
present the firms from different points of view and in different historical background. Final
chapter deals with the coverage of the problem of hooliganism in the media. It shows the
scale of their interest in the topic, their different approaches and practices concerning
hooliganism.
The aim of the work is to establish the nature of the problem and briefly present its
dangers and importance in the contemporary world. The analysis shows that the problem is
omnipresent and many different publications about the hooligans may be found, either
academic works or just the products of the entertainment business like books or films. It
can be seen that disorderly acts of behaviour on the football terraces concern many
different areas of peoples' lives and have diverse influence on them.
4
Chapter One
The nature of football hooliganism
Cambridge on-line dictionary of English (
Cambridge Dictionaries Online - Cambridge
University Press.
2008-12-27) describes a hooligan as "a person who acts in a violent way
without thinking and causes damage". According to Peter Marsh et al. (1996) "the term
Hooligan was coined in 1890s as an alternative to "street arab" or "ruffian". Now readily
applied to the 'wild and unruly' football fan". John H. Kerr (1994: 5) in his book
Understanding Soccer Hooliganism
explains that terms such as 'soccer' or 'football' were
added to the term 'hooligan' because mostly acts of violence committed by the hooligans
have "taken place in and around English soccer matches" (Kerr 1994: 5). Furthermore, the
term 'hooligan' is said to be of the British origin but its derivations, which denote specific
type of a football spectator, are used all over the world (Giulianotti 1994: 11).
These hooligans take part in acts of hooliganism which can be understood and
defined in two ways. According to Geoff Pearson (2008), first type of disorder that can be
called hooliganism can be described as "spontaneous and usually low level disorder caused
by fans at or around football matches (the type that typically occurs at England matches)".
Second type is described by Pearson as "deliberate and intentional violence involving
organised gangs (or 'firms') who attach themselves to football clubs and fight firms from
other clubs, sometimes a long way in time and space from a match" (Pearson 2008). In
addition, when hooliganism is talked about it is often "accompanied by adjectives such as
"mindless", "meaningless" and "senseless". The implication,of course, is that these actions
have no logic, and cannot be understood" (Clarke 1978: 54). Although many people
connect hooliganism with football, some scholars claim that disorderly behaviour has little
to do with the actual activity of watching football (Clarke 1978) (Kerr 1994). Moreover,
the place where football hooliganism takes place is arguable. It does not happen only
within the stadium. Two definitions mentioned above contain a phrase 'in and around', John
H. Kerr contends that "the hooligan acts often have little to do with what is going on
during the game and frequently occur outside or well away from the soccer stadium" (Kerr
1994: 5). Similar statement by Newman can be found in Ann Levin's article from
The San
Diego Union - Tribune
(1989). It says: "a small, but highly visible, minority of fans is little
interested in what is happening on the field, preferring to pick fights with the supporters of
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